The screen size and window size this browser reports, in CSS pixels, and what device pixel ratio does and does not measure.
The first number is the screen size this browser reports, in CSS pixels. The window can be smaller. At a device pixel ratio of 2, 1920×1080 CSS pixels are about 3840×2160 device pixels. Zoom and OS scaling change the ratio, so that product is an estimate, not a measurement of the panel.
The sizes are read in this tab. They are not uploaded.
The screen is the display size the browser reports. The window is this page's viewport and can be smaller.
CSS pixels times the ratio are an estimate of device pixels. At a ratio of 2, 1920×1080 is about 3840×2160. Zoom and OS scaling change the ratio, so this is not a measurement of the panel.
No. The page reads it in the tab. It is not sent with the request unless some other script reads it and sends it.
OS scaling can make a 4K panel report a smaller CSS size. The browser reports the scaled size.
Turning a phone swaps the width and height the browser reports. Refresh the reading by loading the page again after you rotate.